Employment Law for Human Resource Practice Essay

Employment Law for Human Resource Practice - Essay Example Employment Law for Human Resource Practice James Franklin’s attributes of attendance problems to a cavalier attitude of employees of Millennial Generation is discriminatory based on age. Any action directed to this group of staff will, therefore, be viewed to carry a discriminatory intent tailored to punish a particular group of personnel. Every employee has a contract with the employer whether written or not. Employers are legally obliged to furnish their employees with statements of terms and conditions of engagement. Changing the terms of engagement without the employee’s agreement as did Happy Valley Incorporation is an outright breach of contract (Walsh, 2016). After the enactment of the new attendance policy, it was not communicated to all employees but one, Mr. Allen who did not share with the rest beside being directed only to a faction group of employees. Second, they did not seek the employees on the best ways to deal with the attendance problem. Large forms such as Happy Valley Incorporation must inform and consult employees or their representatives, in this case, P.O.O before making significant changes or redundancies. Even in the absence of this requirement, it is a prudent and ethical business practice to keep employees informed and involved in major decisions affecting them. P.O.O has two alternatives of justice to pursue, Consultation with the Happy Valley Management and seeking a legal redress.

Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes Essay People being indiscriminate based on partial and inexact information by sources as television, cartoons or even comic books This is a description that seems to go against many public standards. The above words are the exact description of stereotypes. Stereotypes as implicit from the description, goes mostly hand in hand with media only not the standard meaning of the blameless media we know. Media propaganda is the other form of media that is somewhat described as media treatment. In this paper, the subsequent will be discussed: first, how stereotypes of ethnic groups operate in propaganda, why does it function so satisfactorily, and finally, the consequences of these stereotypes on the life of Egyptians in particular in society. A fair inspection will be conducted on this example of stereotypes through clarification examples and research consequences from researches conducted from reliable sources. The real association between Egyptians’ stereotypes and propaganda discussed in this paper shall magnify the suggestion of stereotypes and propaganda in common. It seems essential for this paper to start with some clarification of the circumstances related with propaganda. Propaganda can be thought of as a foster parent for stereotypes. Propaganda is recognized to be the planned manipulation of public opinion through concealed messages in advertisements and other media functions. Thus, propaganda uses numerous techniques to be able to consign theses hidden messages to the public and influence their view. Fear, brainwashing, name calling, glittering generality, misinformation and much more are some of the ways that propaganda uses to persuade and manipulate the opinions of the masses. Propaganda finds the usefulness of stereotypes in the fact that it’s easy, quick and direct to the public. In the case of stereotypes about ethnic groups, Egyptians in this case are being portrayed as uneducated, unethical, ignorant, desert animal raisers, terrorists and uncultured ethnic group. These name calling and misinformation techniques are what propagandists use to contrive the society to portray Egyptians as humans of the underworld and Egypt as a deserted country that hunger and ill health are its residents. The preceding are all stereotypes that are propagandas of the media to convince such generality into truth and facts. Racial stereotypes particularly function usually through propaganda of the media, due to the improbability of every man travelling to every country, with the technique of ‘misinformation’ through movies, shows, and news reports. Egyptians have been stereotyped as desert residents for many years regardless of the reality and actual state of Egypt as a country. For instance, the stereotypes pointing that Egyptians are mostly uneducated due to their ignorance of the importance of education is proven false by studies of trustworthy sources. Among those studies, the one conducted by the American university in Cairo, Egypt. Al-Ahram weekly, a credible newspaper known all across the Arab world, has posted in its October issue of 1998 the following: â€Å"According to Sahar El-Tawila, the essential researcher on the team, interviews conducted with girls and boys nationwide demonstrate convincingly that work and marriage were rarely stated by boys and girls respectively as reasons for departing school†¦ These may be options for those who have already left school, but they are not the impetus behind their decision to leave† (Al-Ahram 1998). Therefore, according to an American research, Egyptians are not uneducated conceited nation. After all, there is at least an American University known worldwide built in Cairo where many Egyptians have gotten their Bachelors, Masters and PhD’s from. Still, the media has successfully manipulated the public opinion to reason Egyptians as desert wonderers. Now that the first concern, of how such Egyptian-bashing stereotypes work in propaganda, has been discussed, an interesting question then must be asked: how did it come about so successfully for the public of North America to view Egyptians in such state of mind? Media being a powerful information source to the majority of North Americans, and sometimes the only source of information about specific ethnic groups, has the ability to convince the public viewpoints and opinions. Of course with stereotypes powered by propaganda in movies is very thriving in view of that American films are the most favored and appreciated media function. Openly, in one of the movie reviews now on a review website about the movie â€Å"The Mummy† which takes place in Egypt from start to end, the subsequent sentence was stated: â€Å"The Mummy is a lot of fun. So the story is unsophisticated and the characters are all stereotypes (particularly the Egyptians, who are either noble desert warriors or smelly illiterate pig-things). Who cares? The special effects are truly spectacular. † (Jennifer Mellerick, 1999). Easily, stereotypes are even expected by who understands them and the media propaganda generates more and more. To attest that such depiction is a stereotype and not fact, the website ‘Egypt WWW Index’ has a list of all universities in Egypt (an estimated thirty educational institutions in total), many links to political and governmental committees and services, business, commercial, and entertainment facilities, as well as links to political women figures in the Egyptian society. More than the average North American could even imagine of Egypt , and it is all owed to the media propaganda that produced this image of Egyptians. People being indiscriminate based on partial and inexact information by sources as television, cartoons or even comic books This is a description that seems to go against many public standards. The above words are the exact description of stereotypes. Stereotypes as implicit from the description, goes mostly hand in hand with media only not the standard meaning of the blameless media we know. Media propaganda is the other form of media that is somewhat described as media treatment. In this paper, the subsequent will be discussed: first, how stereotypes of ethnic groups operate in propaganda, why does it function so satisfactorily, and finally, the consequences of these stereotypes on the life of Egyptians in particular in society. A fair inspection will be conducted on this example of stereotypes through clarification examples and research consequences from researches conducted from reliable sources. The real association between Egyptians’ stereotypes and propaganda discussed in this paper shall magnify the suggestion of stereotypes and propaganda in common. It seems essential for this paper to start with some clarification of the circumstances related with propaganda. Propaganda can be thought of as a foster parent for stereotypes. Propaganda is recognized to be the planned manipulation of public opinion through concealed messages in advertisements and other media functions. Thus, propaganda uses numerous techniques to be able to consign theses hidden messages to the public and influence their view. Fear, brainwashing, name calling, glittering generality, misinformation and much more are some of the ways that propaganda uses to persuade and manipulate the opinions of the masses. Propaganda finds the usefulness of stereotypes in the fact that it’s easy, quick and direct to the public. In the case of stereotypes about ethnic groups, Egyptians in this case are being portrayed as uneducated, unethical, ignorant, desert animal raisers, terrorists and uncultured ethnic group. These name calling and misinformation techniques are what propagandists use to contrive the society to portray Egyptians as humans of the underworld and Egypt as a deserted country that hunger and ill health are its residents. The preceding are all stereotypes that are propagandas of the media to convince such generality into truth and facts. Racial stereotypes particularly function usually through propaganda of the media, due to the improbability of every man travelling to every country, with the technique of ‘misinformation’ through movies, shows, and news reports. Egyptians have been stereotyped as desert residents for many years regardless of the reality and actual state of Egypt as a country. For instance, the stereotypes pointing that Egyptians are mostly uneducated due to their ignorance of the importance of education is proven false by studies of trustworthy sources. Among those studies, the one conducted by the American university in Cairo, Egypt. Al-Ahram weekly, a credible newspaper known all across the Arab world, has posted in its October issue of 1998 the following: â€Å"According to Sahar El-Tawila, the essential researcher on the team, interviews conducted with girls and boys nationwide demonstrate convincingly that work and marriage were rarely stated by boys and girls respectively as reasons for departing school†¦ These may be options for those who have already left school, but they are not the impetus behind their decision to leave† (Al-Ahram 1998). Therefore, according to an American research, Egyptians are not uneducated conceited nation. After all, there is at least an American University known worldwide built in Cairo where many Egyptians have gotten their Bachelors, Masters and PhD’s from. Still, the media has successfully manipulated the public opinion to reason Egyptians as desert wonderers. Now that the first concern, of how such Egyptian-bashing stereotypes work in propaganda, has been discussed, an interesting question then must be asked: how did it come about so successfully for the public of North America to view Egyptians in such state of mind? Media being a powerful information source to the majority of North Americans, and sometimes the only source of information about specific ethnic groups, has the ability to convince the public viewpoints and opinions. Of course with stereotypes powered by propaganda in movies is very thriving in view of that American films are the most favored and appreciated media function. Openly, in one of the movie reviews now on a review website about the movie â€Å"The Mummy† which takes place in Egypt from start to end, the subsequent sentence was stated: â€Å"The Mummy is a lot of fun. So the story is unsophisticated and the characters are all stereotypes (particularly the Egyptians, who are either noble desert warriors or smelly illiterate pig-things). Who cares? The special effects are truly spectacular. † (Jennifer Mellerick, 1999). Easily, stereotypes are even expected by who understands them and the media propaganda generates more and more. To attest that such depiction is a stereotype and not fact, the website ‘Egypt WWW Index’ has a list of all universities in Egypt (an estimated thirty educational institutions in total), many links to political and governmental committees and services, business, commercial, and entertainment facilities, as well as links to political women figures in the Egyptian society. More than the average North American could even imagine of Egypt , and it is all owed to the media propaganda that produced this image of Egyptians. Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes Furthermore, Egyptians are stereotyped to be uninformed owing to the reality that they are thought of as technology uneducated. In a website found throughout the study on this topic, a person of an Indian ethnicity by the given name of Shani Rifati has set up a website, which he calls â€Å"Please Call Me Rom†. To right the depiction of his race to North Americans, Shani said: â€Å"I am not a Gypsy. The term Gypsy comes from peoples ignorance, when we were wrong for Egyptians† (Rifati). Remarkable huh! Here is an example of a person that is defending his own nationality from stereotypes, yet uses stereotypes. What is even more interesting than that is the reality that the Egyptian history has been known to be the supreme civilization of all times, yet such culture is simply bashed by supercilious that all Egyptians are just ignorant Gypsies. â€Å" African American and Latino children who are aware of broadly held stereotypes about academic aptitude perform more disappointingly on a cognitive task when that task is described as a measure of capability than when the same task is described as a problem-solving duty. † (Carol Hyman 2003). Therefore racial or ethnic stereotypes that work in media propaganda or rather called media manipulation, has not only had influences on adults, but also is passed over with the youth of tomorrow. It is easy to give out information with no truthful back up, but the public inclination is what can moreover stop media propaganda from disturbing the public opinion or simply energize such unsafe aspect of the media, stereotypes. Furthermore, Egyptians are stereotyped to be uninformed owing to the reality that they are thought of as technology uneducated. In a website found throughout the study on this topic, a person of an Indian ethnicity by the given name of Shani Rifati has set up a website, which he calls â€Å"Please Call Me Rom†. To right the depiction of his race to North Americans, Shani said: â€Å"I am not a Gypsy. The term Gypsy comes from peoples ignorance, when we were wrong for Egyptians† (Rifati). Remarkable huh! Here is an example of a person that is defending his own nationality from stereotypes, yet uses stereotypes. What is even more interesting than that is the reality that the Egyptian history has been known to be the supreme civilization of all times, yet such culture is simply bashed by supercilious that all Egyptians are just ignorant Gypsies. â€Å" African American and Latino children who are aware of broadly held stereotypes about academic aptitude perform more disappointingly on a cognitive task when that task is described as a measure of capability than when the same task is described as a problem-solving duty. † (Carol Hyman 2003). Therefore racial or ethnic stereotypes that work in media propaganda or rather called media manipulation, has not only had influences on adults, but also is passed over with the youth of tomorrow. It is easy to give out information with no truthful back up, but the public inclination is what can moreover stop media propaganda from disturbing the public opinion or simply energize such unsafe aspect of the media, stereotypes.

GPS Safety Bubble Technology Essay -- Safety Bubble Technology

Although Global Positioning technology has existed since the mid 1970’s, some of the most significant advancements have taken place within the last five years. In recent months, studies have been conducted by NASA and other institutions concerning the use of advanced GPS technology in both computer controlled flight of commercial aircraft and the establishment of â€Å"no-fly safety bubbles† around designated areas and buildings. In essence an aircraft’s computer system would override a manual command and not allow the craft to enter these designated areas. There are many possible benefits of this technology, but with any new advancement also comes ethical questions. While some believe this technology will increase air travel safety, others argue that misuse of this technology could lead to disaster and loss of life. The use of Global Positioning System navigation technology was established in the early 1970’s, long before the idea of a GPS â€Å"safely bubble† existed. Up to this time the required satellite technology to support global positioning systems had not been developed. In 1978 the first GPS satellite was launched (Rand McNally). It took nearly fifteen years to perfect GPS for public use, but since this has happened, land navigation has been revolutionized. GPS was initially developed by the Department of Defense for primarily military uses, but has since been made available to the general public. In 1996 the National Security Council published the following goals for the GPS system: †¢ To strengthen and maintain national security. †¢ To encourage acceptance and integration of GPS into peaceful civil, commercial and scientific applications worldwide. †¢ To encourage private sector investment in and use of U.S. GP... ...tation advances the common good, promotes a safe society for citizens, and helps to ensure the freedom of the American people. We have a duty to use modern technology such as advanced GPS systems to achieve these aforementioned goals. It is clear that despite the risks, this technology is needed and should be developed and installed on all aircraft. References: Haskens, Shelly. â€Å"Security Now Their Domain† The Huntsville Times. Oct. 21, 2001 Kostiuk, Peter F. â€Å"An Integrated Safety Analysis Methodology for Emerging Air Transport Technologies†. NASA. April, 1998. Parasuraman, Raja, Jacqueline Duley. Et al. â€Å"Human Factors in Free Flight: Developing Dynamic Automation Tools to Support Air Traffic Management†. Cognitive Science Lab, Catholic University of America. 1996 Rand McNally & Company. http://www.randmcnally.com/rmc/products/gps/gpsHome.jsp

Rands anthem :: essays research papers

Rand's "Anthem" Anthem, a science fiction novel, deals with a future primitive society in which the forbidden word "I", which is punishable, has been replaced by "We". Anthem's theme seems to be about the meaning and glory of man's ego. In this novel, Rand shows that the individualism needed for building a complex technological civilization has been suppressed by collectivism. Rand glorifies man's individual ability to think, and appeals to emotion. The emotion is displayed at various time throughout the story; the encounters of Equality and Liberty, on the occasion regarding the discovery of the light bulb, and during the time the two find the house in which they will live in for the remainder of their lives. One day while Equality was tending to his job as street sweeper, he came across a beautiful young woman taking care of the fields. Even though it is forbidden, he decides to go over and talk to her. While they were talking, we see the first sign of emotions when "Their face did not move and they did not avert their eyes. Only their eyes grew wider, and there was triumph in their eyes, and it was not triumph over us, but over things we could not guess." Later, Liberty follows Equality into the forest, and the first sign of forbidden love is shown when "we bent to raise the Golden One to their feet, but when we touched them, it was as if madness had stricken us. We seized their body and we pressed our lips to theirs." Equality is excited with the joy of learning when he finishes his work of building a light bulb. "WE MADE IT. WE CREATED IT. We brought it forth from the night of the ages. We alone. Our hands. Our mind. Ours alone and only. We know not what we are saying. Our head is reeling." The emotion shown by Equality after having just built the light bulb is pride and happiness because he has just created some power unknown but to the people of the Unmentionable times. After he fully realizes what he has done, he has defensive emotions and has to "guard our tunnel as we had never guarded it before. For should any men save the Scholars learn of our secret, they would not understand it, nor would they believe us. They would see nothing, save our crime of working alone, and they would destroy us and our light." The climax of the story shows the greatest emotion of all, the feeling of euphoria. They have a feeling of well-being that overcomes them. Rands "anthem" :: essays research papers Rand's "Anthem" Anthem, a science fiction novel, deals with a future primitive society in which the forbidden word "I", which is punishable, has been replaced by "We". Anthem's theme seems to be about the meaning and glory of man's ego. In this novel, Rand shows that the individualism needed for building a complex technological civilization has been suppressed by collectivism. Rand glorifies man's individual ability to think, and appeals to emotion. The emotion is displayed at various time throughout the story; the encounters of Equality and Liberty, on the occasion regarding the discovery of the light bulb, and during the time the two find the house in which they will live in for the remainder of their lives. One day while Equality was tending to his job as street sweeper, he came across a beautiful young woman taking care of the fields. Even though it is forbidden, he decides to go over and talk to her. While they were talking, we see the first sign of emotions when "Their face did not move and they did not avert their eyes. Only their eyes grew wider, and there was triumph in their eyes, and it was not triumph over us, but over things we could not guess." Later, Liberty follows Equality into the forest, and the first sign of forbidden love is shown when "we bent to raise the Golden One to their feet, but when we touched them, it was as if madness had stricken us. We seized their body and we pressed our lips to theirs." Equality is excited with the joy of learning when he finishes his work of building a light bulb. "WE MADE IT. WE CREATED IT. We brought it forth from the night of the ages. We alone. Our hands. Our mind. Ours alone and only. We know not what we are saying. Our head is reeling." The emotion shown by Equality after having just built the light bulb is pride and happiness because he has just created some power unknown but to the people of the Unmentionable times. After he fully realizes what he has done, he has defensive emotions and has to "guard our tunnel as we had never guarded it before. For should any men save the Scholars learn of our secret, they would not understand it, nor would they believe us. They would see nothing, save our crime of working alone, and they would destroy us and our light." The climax of the story shows the greatest emotion of all, the feeling of euphoria. They have a feeling of well-being that overcomes them.

Manufacturing process Essay

?What are two items regarding the manufacturing process related to the organization that the team finds unique or interesting? One of the processes that we found interesting concerning the Coca Cola Company is that the company operates through multiple local channels. The operation is set-up to manufacture, sell concentrates, beverages bases and syrups with partnerships with within the local regions in the world. This occurs because Coca Cola is comprised of many bottling partners who manufacture, package merchandise, and distribute the final branded beverages through local customers and vending partners worldwide who then sell to their local consumers with in their region of distribution. This is a unique operation because most consumers would think that Coca Cola is located at one place of operation and distributed worldwide. Another unique aspect that we found interesting is that Coca Cola has a conservation process called Sustainable Packaging. This process starts with the company having and showing an active role with recovery and recycling process. One way they are in the forefront in this process is that they support and invest the placement of several thousand recycling bins in public areas every year. They also directly invested in six plastic bottle to bottle recycling plants around the world, these plants process millions of pounds of material each year. This process helps to produce new packaging along with other items within the company. These innovated conservation awareness processed has gain favorably and partnership with Ocean Conservation and Keep America BEAUTIFUL. These two process from producing the product to investing in conservation show the cradle to grave aspect of the Coca Cola Company.

How to become a medical receptionist

How to become a medical receptionist Careers in healthcare are booming right now. With significant advances in technology changing the game and an ever-larger population in need of healthcare services, it’s one of the biggest growth industries for the foreseeable future. But what if you’re not as interested in the hands-on medical end of things, or your skills are more administrative in nature? Becoming a medical receptionist could be the right path for you, with the best of both worlds. What does a medical receptionist do?Medical receptionists have many of the same duties as receptionists in other industries, but with a healthcare twist- managing patient records, taking initial medical information when a patient comes in, and managing day-to-day tasks for a medical office. A medical receptionist’s responsibilities may include the following:Answering phones and greeting patients in the officeTaking preliminary patient information, including medical and billing dataAnswering questions for patients an d visitorsCommunicating with patients and medical staffHelping to manage patient flow by communicating delays to patients, and announcing patient arrivals to the medical staffManaging patient details and records in accordance with patient confidentiality lawsMonitoring and stocking medical office suppliesMaintaining the waiting room or other public areasThe medical receptionist is often the first person people see when they enter a doctor’s office or other medical facility, so he or she is responsible for keeping a calm, welcoming environment for patients. This is typically a job with a standard 40-hour work week, although shifts may be necessary in medical offices that maintain weekend or overnight hours.What skills do medical receptionists have?Medical receptionists need to have solid people and administrative skills to keep things flowing efficiently in the doctor’s office.Organizational Skills:Â  Because the medical receptionist is usually the front-line person in a medical office, things need to be kept organized. We’ve all been in situations where the doctor’s office waiting room is chaotic with appointments delayed, and the medical receptionist can help manage this effectively by processing people quickly and efficiently, and making sure that all the necessary information is being communicated to the medical staff.Technical Skills:Â  The medical office may have recordkeeping software used to record patient information, so the job may require a degree of tech-savviness in addition to the usual Word and Excel skills. You should also be adept at using multi-line phone systems.Customer Service Skills:Â  Patients are customers, and the fact of being at a doctor’s office can add an extra level of stress. The medical receptionist should be friendly and good at handling people calmly, no matter what the situation may be.Time Management Skills:Â  Medical offices, especially busy ones, are based around appointment schedules. That means that as a medical receptionist, you may need to be multitasking (checking in multiple people, communicating information from the medical staff to waiting patients, processing paperwork) at any given time.What do you need to become a medical receptionist?There’s no specific degree necessary to become a medical receptionist, but you should have a high school diploma (or equivalent). Because of the administrative nature of the job, it’s typically not necessary to have specific medical knowledge. A background of basic medical knowledge and terminology can be helpful, however.How much does a medical receptionist make?The median annual salary for medical receptionists is $29,832, or $13.52 per hour, per PayScale.com. This can vary depending on whether the job is heavier on medical expertise or administrative focus.What is the outlook for medical receptionists?According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the demand for these receptionists is expected to grow by more than 10% by 2022- faster than average for all jobs.This can be a best-of-both-worlds job if you’re looking for an entry point into the healthcare field- you won’t be working with the gritty ins and outs of medicine, but you’ll still be an essential part of the medical office. If this sounds like the path for you, good luck!

Large scale study Essay Example

Large scale study Essay Example Large scale study Essay Large scale study Essay They conducted a large scale study involving several thousand children (between the ages of 9-12) who watched a television programme, which was aimed to reduce sex-role stereotypes. They watched this once a week for thirteen weeks. They found substantial reductions in the stereotypical attitudes and beliefs about gender roles after exposure to these programmes. Greenfield (1984) supports this view, who found that Sesame Streets use of ethnic and disabled minorities helped children from minority groups to have a greater sense of cultural pride.Futhermore Mares (1996) examined research into anti-stereotyping and overall found that there was a moderate positive effect that children become less stereotyped in their attitudes and beliefs. However, one problem with the idea of anti-stereotyping is that it assumes there is some better stereotype. People may not agree about desirable stereotypes, but the use of stereotypes presumes that someone can and should make this decision. A further question in relation to anti-stereotypes is whether they work. Pingree (1978) challenged the idea of anti-stereotypes.He found that adolescent boys showed stronger stereotypes after they were shown commercials with women in non-traditional roles. Stimulation Hypothesis This explanation claims that media can have enormous potential for education. This maybe in terms of providing suitable models for children to imitate but may be most effective when individuals are placed in everyday situations and methods of resolution are provided. For example, an individual is shown behaving ant-socially and the television character deals with the situation in a pro-social manner.This explanation has been criticised because there is a danger that children will imitate the anti-social behaviour and disregard the resolution. However, Lovelace and Huston (1983) claimed that the most effective way of communicating a pro-social message may be to present the pro-social message without an anti-social behaviour. But, it has been argued that the conflict resolution strategy can effectively convey pro-social behaviour if there are a variety of models showing pro-social actions, if the pro-social resolution is given enough time and attention and if viewing conditions are sufficient.Further Research Evidence Friedrich and Stein (1973) studied pre-school children who watched episodes of a pro-social television programme. They found that the children remembered much of the pro-social behaviour information contained within the programme, and they behaved in a more helpful way than children who watched neutral or aggressive television. A further finding was that the children became even more helpful if they role-played pro-social events from the programmes.Baran (1979) studied children older children (between 8-10 years old). The children watched an episode of The Waltons, in which there was much emphasis on helping behaviour. The children were found to behave in a more pro-social way than other children who had not seen the programme. This confirms the link between pro-social media and aggression. Research focuses almost exclusively on the effects of television. Mares and Woodard (2001) considered how other media could have important pro-social effects.They claimed that childrens books have traditionally carried pro-social messages (e. g. Snow White who looked after Dwarves and triumphed over evil stepmother) which young children are especially fond of reading over and over again, reinforcing the message. Evaluation Hearold (1986) found that pro-social behaviour has been found to be on average twice as great the adverse effects of television violence on aggressive behaviour. This may be because programme makers try to get across pro-social messages, which is not the case for anti-social behaviours.However, research has been criticised in that a pro-social behaviour is measured immediately after viewing programmes, and there therefore may not be any real, long term effects. This has been shown by Sagotsky et al (1981). He showed children (6 and 8 years old) co-operative behaviour being modelled. He found that children of both ages showed an immediate increase in co-operative behaviour, however only the 8 year olds continued to show an increased co-operation seven weeks later. This suggests that pro-social television programmes has relatively short-term effects on some childrens pro-social behaviour.On the other hand Eisenberg (1983) argued that pro-longed viewing of pro-social programmes can result in substantial increases in childrens pro-social reasoning. Moreover, the link between pro-social media and behaviour has been criticised in that exposure to filmed models has less effect than exposure to real models. Overall, research on pro-social media is somewhat disappointing in terms of the moderate findings and the lack of interest from researchers, particularly when contrasted with the vast number of studies related to the anti-social effects of media on behaviour.Psychologists ought to give pro-social media affects more attention. Media Influences on anti-social behaviour Much emphasis has been put on the role of media in influencing anti-social behaviour. Explanations as to how the media can exert an anti-social influence upon an individuals behaviour have been proposed. Cognitive Priming One reason why media violence may play a part in producing aggressive behaviour is due to Cognitive Priming. The basic idea is that aggressive ideas in violent media activate aggressive thoughts and feelings in the viewers because they are associated in memory.After watching a violent film, the viewer is primed to act violently because a network of memories associated with violence has been activated. Research Evidence Evidence for the importance of cognitive priming has been reported by Josephson (1987). In Condition 1, Canadian boys were shown a television programme involving violence in the form of a gun battle, in which the snipers communicated with each other by the means of walkie-talkies. In Condition 2, the boys watched a non-violent programme about a motocross team.After the boys had watched the television programmes, they all played floor hockey. Before the game started, the referee gave the boys instructions either by a walkie-talkie or a tape recorder. The findings showed that the boys who watched the violent programme and received the instructions by a walkie-talkie were more aggressive during the hockey game than the boys who watched the same programme but received instructions by tape recording. This suggests that the walkie-talkie acted as a cue to aggression. Huesmaan (2001) also supported the cognitive priming explanation of aggression.He stated that the concept is useful in explaining why the observation of aggression in the media is often followed aggressive acts that differ from the original behaviour. Desensitisation Desensitisation provides another explanation of the relationship between anti-social media and aggression. This explanation suggests that frequent viewing of television violence causes viewers to be less anxious and responsive about actual violence, seeing it as normal. In the absence of this anxiety, violence is no longer inhibited and aggressive behaviour portrayed on television may be imitated.Research Evidence The explanation has received research support from Cline et al (1973) who found that boys who watched a steady diet of violent television showed less physiological arousal to new scenes of violence than participants in the control group did. This is supported by Thomas et al (1977) who showed two groups of children a videotape of young children behaving aggressively and recorded their physiological reactions. He found the same results in relation to Cline et als (1973) study.These studies therefore imply that reduced responsiveness may be associated with an increased acceptance of violent behaviour. However, this explanation has been challenged by Cumberbatch (2001) who argued that people might get used to screen violence but this does not mean that they will get used to violence in the real world. He claimed violence is more likely to make children frightened. Social Learning theory An alternative explanation that explains the effect of media on anti-social behaviour is Banduras (1986) Social Learning theory.Bandura argued that television can teach skills that may be useful in committing acts of violence. He suggested that children learn forms of behaviour through observational learning or modelling and this behaviour may be imitated subsequently. This is especially likely if the specific behaviour is reinforced because it increases the likelihood of the child imitating the behaviour. Imitation is also more likely if the observer identifies with the character on television e. g. same age. Research Evidence Banduras Bobo experiment (1961) supports his explanation.He carried out a study where Nursery children watched a film where an adult behaved aggressively or non-aggressively towards a Bobo doll. He found that children in the aggressive condition reproduced the physical and verbal behaviours modelled by the adult. However, children in the non-aggressive condition showed very little aggression towards the dolls. This supports the view that children learn specific acts of aggression and also learn increased aggressiveness through imitating models even when such models are not real.There have also been anecdotal claims of copycat acts of violence. For example the two boys who murdered James Bulgar were said to have been inspired by the video Childs Play. However, there is no real evidence for this and Cumberbatch (2001) reports that no link was ever found. Furthermore, Hearold (1986) provided evidence that pro-social behaviours can also be learned from observing positive role models on television, especially if the models are rewarded for their behaviour.He also stated that it seems that the influence of television on pro-social behaviour is stronger than antisocial behaviour. All of the above explanations provide evidence that media can have an anti-social effect on behaviour. Further Research Evidence Research studies also support the view that media can have an anti-social effect on behaviour. For example Parke et al (1977) showed that aggression in delinquent boys rose if they watched violent films at home. In contrast, no change in aggressive behaviour was observed if they view non-violent films.However, it is hard to evaluate research conducted into the effects of media on anti-social behaviour because many of the studies are limited in scope, focusing only on the short term effects on behaviour of exposure to a single violent pr ogramme. Criticisms of research into the effect of media on anti-social behaviour Researchers have suggested that the media has no effect on aggression. Howitt and Cumberbatch (1974) conducted an analysis of 300 studies, which led to the conclusion that television violence does not influence childrens behaviour.A further criticism of explanations and research into the effect of media on anti-social behaviour is that there may be important individual differences which have to be taken into account. For example, people who are more aggressive may choose to watch anti-social programmes and are more influenced by them. Overall Evaluation Overall, evidence shows that media influences can have anti-social effects on behaviour. However, evidence has also been provided which claims it can also have pro-social effects. This suggests media may have both, depending on the context contained within the programme.

Create a Steller Creative Strategy with These 10 Real-Life Examples

Create a Steller Creative Strategy with These 10 Reals As marketers, we constantly feel the pressure from our stakeholders, bosses, maybe even managers, to be creative. Not too creative to the point that your idea will get shut down, but creative enough that you are different (and better) than your competition. It sometimes can feel like they are asking you to mix oil and water. Ya feel me? Oh and don’t forget, your creative strategy has to work. To the point that you are confident in what you’re doing, you can prove the ROI, and figure out how to plan and execute the entire strategy. Take a deep breath because after reading this, instead of feeling like this†¦ You’ll feel like this. In this post you’ll learn everything you need to know about creative strategies, from how-to-write one, to successful, real-life examples that you can implement in your own workplace. Let’s get started! The Importance of a Creative Strategy You know creative strategies are important, probably because you were asked to make one, but you might not understand why  they are important. Creative strategies assist the company in reaching marketing goals, prove their ROI, and support business growth through a strategic and well-executed approach. Basically, your creative strategy is what, how, and why, you’re going to reach your marketing goals and business objectives. Without one, you risk losing sight of your projects, going over budget, and ticking off your stakeholders. 😠¨ How To Write The Best #Creative Strategy with @.How to Write the Best Creative Strategy Writing an entire creative strategy can be pretty intimidating, but don’t worry. I’ve broken it down step-by-step so it seems a little less daunting (hopefully). 1. Marketing Goals Before you come up with your creative strategy, you need to know what you’re trying to achieve by setting a marketing goal. Don’t worry about the how, that comes later... You’ll want your marketing goal to be S.M.A.R.T.😉 S.M.A.R.T. stands for specific, measurable, aspirational, realistic, and time-bound. Here’s an example of a S.M.A.R.T. goal: â€Å"I want to increase my conversion rate by 2% during Q4 2019.† 2. Marketing Key Performance Indicators It’s important that you know which metrics to measure when assessing your goal. In reality, you can’t prioritize every metric, because that would mean that all of your metrics have the same importance (and they shouldn’t be). KPIs are metrics that indicate progress towards a particular goal. Some examples of KPIs that you may be measuring are: Leads generated. Conversions. Revenue. Email list subscribers. Pageviews. Tying KPIs into our other example, the main metric that you would want to focus on is conversions. Make sense? Recommended Reading How to Select Marketing Metrics and KPIs to Monitor Pick a KPI or two that goes hand in hand with your goal and then focus on them. You’ll be surprised how much focusing in on a specific metric can help you reach your goal! Now that you’ve set your marketing goals, it’s time to find out who you’re marketing to. 3. Target Audience Define the ideal person that you want to buy your product or service. The better you know your target audience, the better you can market to them. Understand their needs and wants helps you get inside their minds to create a creative strategy that connects to them.Now you’re probably thinking, how can I apply what I know about my target audience to my creative strategy? Well†¦ Here’s a quick example. Let’s say your target audience are purchasers at hospitals and medical centers. To reach them, blasting out a commercial on TV showing your product line of highly niche medical equipment probably won’t help you reach your goal†¦ But, if you write content that can help your target audience solve real-life problems†¦ well, you get the point. There’s your creative strategy. It’s one and it’s based on attracting your target audience through content that helps them solve their problems. 4. Benefit This step is as simple as it sounds. Answer this: What benefit(s) does my target audience get from my product or service? If you don’t know the direct benefits, there’s no way your audience will understand the benefits. Make sense? Ask yourself these three things to make sure that you are hitting the nail on the head: How to Find the Direct Benefits of Your Product or Service What does my target audience gain from it? What problem does it solve? What is my competitive advantage? Let’s go back to our previous example. The medical equipment company would answer these questions to understand the benefit they provide to their customer: What does my target audience gain from my product or service? What problem does my product solve? What is my competitive advantage? 5. Support All the benefits you just listed are awesome, but they aren’t going to believe you unless they are backed up with some facts. Support your benefits so that people actually believe you. There are a number of different ways you can support your benefit in your creative strategy. Customer testimonials  are a great way to show that real people have used your product or service and prove it works! To get customer testimonials, you can directly ask customers or even use reviews that you get. Statistics are a quick and easy way to prove yourself. It can be as simple as stating â€Å"95% of customers said they would never go back to their old laundry detergent.† The stat deems you credible and persuades your audience to believe you. Using facts  in a creative strategy is very similar to adding a statistic. You see facts in creative strategies all of the time. â€Å"Recommended number one whitening toothpaste among dentists.† It’s a fact and it makes people trust the product. Lastly, demonstrating  how your product works can back up your benefits. Just make sure it actually works. 😉 We’ve all seen those OxiClean commercials†¦ Must I say anymore? 6. Positioning Brand positioning strategy  is a large project in itself. When you consider positioning in your creative strategy, make sure it aligns with your brand. The worst thing is when companies aren’t true to themselves. 7. Deliverables The deliverables of your project are going to be any tangible or intangible actions or tasks that direct the promotion of your product or service. Your deliverables are going to be based solely on the type of creative strategy that you are implementing. For example, a creative content strategy is going to look a lot different than a creative social media strategy. To prepare deliverables for your creative strategy, ask yourself: Who needs to be involved in this project? What tactics need to be implemented to reach our goal? What does the timeline look like to complete this project? You can save a ton of time on your project by using a template that has your entire project laid out with the click of a button. ’s task templates  are a simple way to create a workflow one time and apply it to all future projects. The tasks, due dates, and delegations are automatically assigned, so there won’t be any confusion in your project. This is how they work: First, you’ll want to create a task for every item that needs to be created before the project goes live. Next you’ll want to add the due dates of your project. Maybe you want to give it two months, or two weeks, either way you’ll be able to schedule the appropriate days in the task template. All you have to do is select the number of days before publish that each task should get done. Finally, assign the tasks and set approvals to make sure everyone knows what their role is within the project. ’s task template will save you a ton of time on implementing your creative strategies throughout the entire year. Now to the fun part, budgeting. 😉 8. Budget One thing that ticks off stakeholders more than a bad creative strategy is when that creative strategy goes over budget. But don’t worry, here’s all you need to know so that you don’t go over budget to fulfill your tactics! Steps to Keep Your Creative Strategy on Budget Choose your deliverables Accurately estimate how much each deliverable is going to cost Keep track of where your money is going at all times Drop strategies that aren’t performing well The biggest thing with budgeting  is to make sure you keep an eye on the money and the tactics so that going over budget never becomes an issue. Recommended Reading How To Create A Marketing Budget Plan 9. Executional Guidelines When being creative and doing this â€Å"out of the box,† sometimes we can forget about certain guidelines that our companies have. This step won’t apply to every marketing team. Most likely, if you are part of a larger corporation you will need to include it. This step ensures that your strategy follows any necessary guidelines so that your stakeholders don’t have to hand it right back to you. Pat yourself on the back because you officially know how to write a creative strategy. ðŸ™Å' You’re probably thinking okay great, I know how to write one, but that doesn’t help me think of creative concepts. Well, you’re in luck. If you want to see some successful IRL examples of creative strategies, keep on scrollin’. Types of Creative Strategies with Real Life Examples Getting asked to be creative is worse than the dawn of the blinking cursor. But good news, you wouldn’t be asked to come up with a creative strategy if you weren’t capable of it. So hold your head up high and go into this with an â€Å"I can do it† attitude. 💠ª It would take days to cover every type of creative strategy, so this blog post will cover the most prevalent topics with some killer examples. Content Nowadays everyone is doing content marketing. Well not everyone, but 53%  of businesses use content marketing and that is a lot of companies to compete against. 53% of businesses use content marketing. Use a creative strategy to make yours stand out!If you want to stand out from the rest of the companies, it’s your job to be more creative than them. Instead of using the traditional blogging method, here are a few out-of-the-box ideas to take your content marketing to the next level. Make your content useful. You’re probably thinking, I already do this. Chances are that you don’t as much as you could. Just because your content is educational, doesn’t mean it’s useful to your consumers. A few tips to make your content useful is to: Add helpful templates Make it actionable Use it as a discussion platform for your consumers to engage Use emotion. There’s nothing worse than reading a bone dry article. If it’s boring to write, chances are it’s just as boring to read. Make your consumers feel something when they read your content. Whether it’s humor, excitement, or happiness, adding some type of emotion will help your audience remember you. If you aren’t promoting the content that you are writing, people aren’t going to see it. In fact, you can use this little method to boost your social media traffic to your content by 192%. Be the expert. Before you write content for your next campaign, I challenge you to do double the research that you normally do. Make it your goal to have the most educational article that you possibly can. If you do this, people will be more likely to use your content as a reference than the other leading competitors. Them using you as a reference is a great way to get your foot in the door. 🚠ª Make Your Headlines Stand Out. â€Å"5x as many people read the headline as read the body copy.† - David Ogilvy Your headline is just as important as the copy underneath it. Make sure you are spending the time on your headline that it deserves. Make it catchy, enticing, and creative. If you need some help judging whether your headline will do the trick, try using the Headline Analyzer. Creative Content Strategy A company that slays the content marketing game is Sephora. Instead of a traditional blog, they created a content hub  for their customers to share beauty tips and product knowledge. It’s genius. Not only is it a useful resource for customers to go, but it drives them to their ultimate goal of selling product.

Ethics and Professional Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics and Professional Standards - Essay Example In most cases these determinants are based on moral ethics or cultural beliefs and preferences. Many cultures have different background from which they base their decisions from. With increasing global resources, organizations have realized the need of respecting and appreciating different cultures. Additionally, international organizations have find ways to fit and to operate under the required ways when venturing into different cultures rather than theirs. In some cases organizations hire employees from a set of culture in order to know more m ore about a particular culture. Others have activities which are aimed at giving back to the societies they venture their business into. In an argument by Aubry (2010) giving back to the society is perceived as the best way to appreciate a population from a different culture. In project management, culture appreciation has been sensitized in most organizations. This case mainly applies in international companies. International companies usual ly indulge projects which include explorations of resources in locations with vast cultures. For this reason international companies have to incorporate culture appreciation techniques. Many projects carried out from different cultural settings have techniques which are in line with the host culture. Organization are advised to do a prior survey to the cultural environment they tend to base their project. Aubry (2010) argues that this kind of research is conducted the same way as market research the only difference being that market research is conducted on the targeted population while cultural research is done with regards of a whole community. Most issue researched on includes issues touching on religion and culture preferences. For example, for an organization to get proper reception in the Muslim culture, they have to be very cautious in the dressing code. In many projects undertaken by international companies, the communities involved have an important role in ensuring the suc cess of a project. In an argument by Brenner (2009) communities in cultural rich locations need more than incentives to corporate in projects involving big organizations. These occurrences have seen many western countries employ native cultural ethics and professional standards to suit their investment locations. After the research on the culture of the location intended for investment, international organizations then should formulate and come up with both professional and ethical standards to help them in implementing successful projects. Coming up with professional and ethical standards is the key to any project success. This is measured by how much corporation the project will have from the community or the target consumers. In an argument by the Project Management Institute Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct (2010) many western companies invest in continents like Africa with great recognition of ten cultural tasks ahead of them. For instance in Africa project management sh ould include a great piece of adherence to the new cultures involved. Communities need to feel comfortable before being part of a business venture. Ethical standards matter most. One of the most important ethical standards is religion preferences. Some cultures have a very strong opinion towards religion. This may include the specific days of worship. In this case an organization should avoid any

Integrated Childrens Services for Asthma Patient Essay

Integrated Childrens Services for Asthma Patient - Essay Example This essay analyzes that implementing the mandates of the programme, ‘Every Child Matters’ is a costly and time-consuming enterprise and the authorities are aware of this fact. They consider this a barrier to the actual implementation to the promotion of children’s welfare. Nevertheless, efforts have been made by the government to allocate adequate resources for the implementation of the programme and in safeguarding children’s welfare (House of Commons, 2005). In considering the above factors, it is important to note that local authorities need to enhance and maintain the links which they already have established with other agencies and individuals involved in the child’s care. These links and networks are essential to the efficient delivery and communication between and among those involved in the child’s care. In strengthening the network, it is possible to assist not just the child, but his family as well. In Elliot’s case, his fath er may also be assisted in the process of quitting his smoking habit in a strong effort towards helping his son. The discussion above sets forth important points under the programme ‘Every Child Matters’ as applied to Elliot who is an asthmatic child. The importance of collaboration was highlighted in this discussion and this collaboration is essential from the members of the team involved in the child’s care – from the healthcare team to the teachers, and even to the police and law enforcement authorities. The importance of this collaborative aspect of securing a... First is communication, where individuals from various disciplines talk with each other; second is cooperation, where there is low key joint working on a case-by-case basis; third is coordination, where more formalized joint working without sanctions for non-compliance is applied; fourth is coalition, where joint structures merge to create new joint identity; and finally, integration, where organizations merge to create new joint identity (Horwath and Morrison, 2007). In effect, collaborative partnerships can be seen in terms of the local and formal contribution, including whole agency collaboration. Collaboration is focused primarily on delivering services for individual users; then it relates to staff working with each other in order to deliver local services; lastly it refers to whole systems collaborating in relation to planning, commissioning, and managing services (Horwath and Morrison, 2007). Governments have now recognized the need to implement an interconnected relationship between the child and the individuals performing the services. With the implementation of the policies of â€Å"Every Child Matters,† coordinated services are now being available from all departments and agencies involved in children’s services. In considering the outcomes of collaboration for Elliot who is asthmatic, the concepts of collaboration includes the cooperation and collaboration of the child’s GP, family members, health visitors (health); and teachers, classmates (school); social services for assistance in relation to financial needs and support. The cooperation of these individuals is needed because their actions can all impact on the child’s health. The lowest level of coordination is related to each individual user. For Elliot, the coordination is

Communication etiquette in business Research Paper

Communication etiquette in business - Research Paper Example Communication in business is an everyday activity that takes many forms. â€Å"The nature of communication employed has an acceptable conducts and demeanors that are deemed appropriate in the corporate world†. In addition, communication etiquette provides rubrics of behavior which guide communication and civilized interaction among employees in a business setup. It is important to note that business persons who obey these guidelines realize success in their business. Research shows a powerful correlation between appropriate etiquette and corporate success. This paper reviews various business etiquettes while giving examples of how proper communication should be conducted in a business environment. The manner and speed at which communication in a business environment is conducted has undergone drastic dynamics in the last few decades mainly because of technological advances. For this reason, the manner and style of communication have taken different dimensions causing a collisi on between private and official communications. Forms of Business Communication Much of communication in business is verbal communication. This occurs where an individual conveys a spoken message to the receiver. The second form of communication is written communication where an individual either sends an email or a letter to a different correspondent or a group of persons. The third form of communication is the body language. Body language plays a crucial role in adding meaning to messages conveyed through other modes of communication. It is therefore important that a communicator fully understands the unwritten ethnic decorum pertaining communication in order to build strong and effective interpersonal skills. â€Å"All these forms of communication have an attached standard or decorum that separates an ethically communicated message from unethically communicated one† (Seth & Adhikari, 2010). For instance, business partners or customers etiquette will go a long way in maintaining good interpersonal relationships while boosting the company’s brand name. All the emails sent to the company need to be responded to with the urgency they deserve. This is particularly important as it builds trust and respect on the part of the respondent. However, this does not mean that calls should form a major part of distraction in business. In fact, to maintain focus in business, making and answering phone calls should have designated times unless the call is urgent. Proper Communication Practices in Businesses It is imperative to note that an effective, precise and clear communication in business is an important ingredient in promoting positive impressions that would eventually lead to success in business. It also promotes productivity among employees of an organization. On the contrast, use of improper communication taints the business reputation. The question that every communicator should ask is whether the communication decorum that he/she uses is acceptable or not. A matter such as text abbreviation while writing an e-mail, receiving and making frequent phone calls in a business or staff meeting is a common behavior nowadays. Some of the challenging areas of business communication include: listening, appreciation, communication clarity and details and keeping promises. It is important to note that communication is a process whose practice is dictated by specific protocols

Happily Ever After Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Happily Ever After - Essay Example In recent history, a new, rather a distorted definition of marriage has been brought to life that constitutes the inclusion and legalization of same-sex marriages. This wide-acceptance: socially, culturally and physically, has placed the institution of marriage, which has kept society in harmony with nature, in unprecedented danger, and with passing time, it continues to plunge into a void that shall, in near future, overshadow, or rather completely obliterate its existence and meaning. In light of the aforementioned stance, I fully concur with William J. Bennett’s position that gay-marriages are a threat to the institution of marriage and that this growing threat should be contained and eventually eliminated. Although there are numerous reasons that go against the notion of same-sex marriage, but the reason that is first thought of is religion. As mentioned earlier in the paper, when Adam was created by God, a female counterpart, Eve, of Adam was later created by God to give Adam a companion and thus God established balance. The Holy Bible recognizes marriage between man and woman as day and night, both complementing each other. Just as God has maintained equilibrium in every dimension of nature, the institution of marriage is no alien part of nature, hence it should be treated just as it has been ordained. In addition to this, it is God who has ordained marriage as He deemed appropriate, and it is not upon us to interfere with his laws. Consequently, all major religions of the world: Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, etc, concede and preach that marriage is only limited between man and woman, and precludes all other morphed forms of marriage. Pro-marriage activists quote examples of practice of gay marriages in the past, and that many practitioners were Christians and the marriage ceremonies were conducted in churches; this leads them to argue that even religions have shown room for same-sex marriages, but what the activists fail to rea lize is that religion itself is incorruptible, and it is its followers who disobey and deviate from the divine teachings. This establishes that the room created for same-sex marriages in the past was thus created by people themselves on their own account, and that religion itself has no part in it. Furthermore, owing to the sexual revolution that has strengthened its roots in the recent years; the institution of marriage has become potentially weak. The frequent show of themes which project ‘casual sex’ as a natural or normal encounter through movies, pornography, music and television shows has led to the widespread belief among people, primarily the young generation, that extra-marital and intimate relationships outside the bond of wedlock are a part of life. This has ingrained the element of infidelity in people, and the evil of having multiple partners in the impressionable minds of the people; as media has the potent power of manipulating with the psychology of a hu man mind, as a consequence of which societies and cultures have been fashioned into accepting it. Moreover, the beauty and most basic fundamental of marriage is fidelity, although this is not always practiced. One marries because it is deemed worth spending the whole life with the one person he/she loves. While gay marriages, as William J. Bennett argue, promote infidelity; this is destroying an already enfeebled institution. In summary, gay marriage has

History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

History - Assignment Example John River a through the Lake St. John and Lake Nipissing to the south end. East Florida, on the other hand, was bounded to the west by the Gulf of Mexico and Apalachicola River. In the same way, West Florida was enclosed by the Gulf of Mexico on the south. Lastly, islands of Grenada, together with Grenadines and the Islands of Dominico, St. Vincents and Tobago, shall be put under the care and inspection by the Governor of Newfoundland. If someone had already settled on those lands reserved for Indians, then these people shall be forced to immediately remove themselves from the settlements. To facilitate this action, the governors and commanders-in-chief of all colonies as well as those under the Government and Direction of Proprietaries will implement the provisions in the treaty. Also, officers in the military and those under the Management and Direction of Indian Affairs shall arrest those who will commit crimes and violate the treaty. Violators shall be subjected to trial in the colony where the crime is committed. People are not allowed to buy land from the Indians because, according to the government, because people are connected with the tribe. Also, since it is assumed that the Indians live under the protection of the people, the crown took the responsibility of protecting hunting grounds for Indians. In this way, their possession in their dominions and territories will not be disturbed or

Happily Ever After Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Happily Ever After - Essay Example In recent history, a new, rather a distorted definition of marriage has been brought to life that constitutes the inclusion and legalization of same-sex marriages. This wide-acceptance: socially, culturally and physically, has placed the institution of marriage, which has kept society in harmony with nature, in unprecedented danger, and with passing time, it continues to plunge into a void that shall, in near future, overshadow, or rather completely obliterate its existence and meaning. In light of the aforementioned stance, I fully concur with William J. Bennett’s position that gay-marriages are a threat to the institution of marriage and that this growing threat should be contained and eventually eliminated. Although there are numerous reasons that go against the notion of same-sex marriage, but the reason that is first thought of is religion. As mentioned earlier in the paper, when Adam was created by God, a female counterpart, Eve, of Adam was later created by God to give Adam a companion and thus God established balance. The Holy Bible recognizes marriage between man and woman as day and night, both complementing each other. Just as God has maintained equilibrium in every dimension of nature, the institution of marriage is no alien part of nature, hence it should be treated just as it has been ordained. In addition to this, it is God who has ordained marriage as He deemed appropriate, and it is not upon us to interfere with his laws. Consequently, all major religions of the world: Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, etc, concede and preach that marriage is only limited between man and woman, and precludes all other morphed forms of marriage. Pro-marriage activists quote examples of practice of gay marriages in the past, and that many practitioners were Christians and the marriage ceremonies were conducted in churches; this leads them to argue that even religions have shown room for same-sex marriages, but what the activists fail to rea lize is that religion itself is incorruptible, and it is its followers who disobey and deviate from the divine teachings. This establishes that the room created for same-sex marriages in the past was thus created by people themselves on their own account, and that religion itself has no part in it. Furthermore, owing to the sexual revolution that has strengthened its roots in the recent years; the institution of marriage has become potentially weak. The frequent show of themes which project ‘casual sex’ as a natural or normal encounter through movies, pornography, music and television shows has led to the widespread belief among people, primarily the young generation, that extra-marital and intimate relationships outside the bond of wedlock are a part of life. This has ingrained the element of infidelity in people, and the evil of having multiple partners in the impressionable minds of the people; as media has the potent power of manipulating with the psychology of a hu man mind, as a consequence of which societies and cultures have been fashioned into accepting it. Moreover, the beauty and most basic fundamental of marriage is fidelity, although this is not always practiced. One marries because it is deemed worth spending the whole life with the one person he/she loves. While gay marriages, as William J. Bennett argue, promote infidelity; this is destroying an already enfeebled institution. In summary, gay marriage has

Growth strategies in small businesses Dissertation

Growth strategies in small businesses - Dissertation Example Business process digitalisation, in this study, is defined as an enterprise-wide information system based on the technological foundation of the Internet. To date, the majority of research on SME’s BPD has focused on the antecedents of SMEs engaging in one or few specific types of e-business practice or process (Wymer & Regan, 2005, 442). While these studies provide good understanding of the antecedents and the financial consequences of BPD, how BPD affects SME’s development is still unclear. As a key indicator of firm innovation, organisational growth is crucial to the survival and success of business and enterprise, including SMEs (Huang, Soutar & Brown, 2002, 32). Aims and Objective This study aims to understand how SMEs can use BPD as their growth strategy. Building upon insights from the knowledge based view and the organisational learning theory, the central thesis of this study is that the extensive use of BPD enhances the firm’s knowledge-base resources a nd improves its organisational learning, therefore contributing to SME’s further growth. Research Question How Business process digitalisation can be used as a growth strategy for SMEs? Methodology Sample and Data Collection The initial sample will be consisting of 414 small and medium-sized manufacturers in engineering, electronics, computer and software industries of the UK.

What Cyber Events Could Really Cause Terror in the Australian Essay Example for Free

What Cyber Events Could Really Cause Terror in the Australian Essay In general terms, cyber events, such as cyber attacks or terrorism is defined as any action intended to damage computer networks, which mainly affects the operation of various infrastructure such as air transport and security logistics. The increasingly high growth rate of cyber crimes has drawn the attention of the public domain and the media. This is because the potential damages, which can be brought by cyber crimes, have far reaching consequences to the government and the whole population of any given country. This paper is written to discuss the cyber events which could cause terror in the Australian population. The military defense system in Australia is well equipped to defend the nation against any external assault. If the military communication and other defense logistics where to be hacked or attacked through cyber events, this would mean a security threat to the nation’s population. Take for instance a situation where the Australian cyber space is invaded and remotely controlled by enemies, this would invade not only the national security but also breach individuals’ privacy, a factor which would cause public outcry. Still to be noted here is the security threats imposed by cyber terrorism in the business and government information systems. Cyber events targeted at business institutions such as the banking sector would instill fear to investors. This would not only affect the banking sector but also all businesses, whether small, medium or large businesses. A good example of the government’s information system attack is the recent attack of the prime minister’s website. The website was accessed after the government’s internet filtering legislation was attacked. It followed that the prime ministers website was overloaded by information requests and loaded with pornography. In this context, such cyber events threaten the national security and can amount to terrorism.

Leadership competencies and attitudes for success in globalization

Leadership competencies and attitudes for success in globalization Understanding of international interaction is essential for transnational organizations to work effectively in todays global business environment. The level of this understanding is related to possession of international competencies within an organization (Gupta and Govindarajan, 2002). Although the need to develop leaders with adequate competencies has become obvious in recent years (Adler and Bartholomew,1992; Brake et al., 1995; Brake, 1997; Morrison, 2000; This source has not been included in the reference list Bonnstetter, 1999; Suutari, 2002), there is still a significant gap between the international human resource requirements of global strategies and their realization (Adler and Bartholomew, 1992; Engle et al., 2001, Morrison et al., 1999). The process of identifying core competencies usually entails having employees identify core competencies by scanning and assessing company-critical resources, capabilities, and competencies three factors commonly referred to as associated concepts. In the identification process these concepts often become conceptually and empirically merged, something that occurs in strategic management research too, when these associated concepts are defined interchangeably. For example, capabilities and competencies are defined interchangeably by Spanos and Prastacos (2004). Furthermore, diversity and complexity increase in a domestic working environment as business operations become more international. The dynamics, complexity and diversity now characteristic of global environment are diffusing into the domestic environment (Gregersen et al., 1998; Harvey and Buckley, 2002) making increasing demands on management and leadership competencies at all organizational levels. Therefore, increasing under standing of different aspects of globalization and interrelationships of various factors and their changes will help organizations to meet the new challenges brought by globalization, whether their primary operation environment is domestic, international or global. Employees need to learn about culture and cross-cultural communication if they are to work effectively with minorities within their own society or with foreigners encountered at home or abroad (Harris and Moran, 1987, p. 56). The development of global competencies should be based on the global business strategy which determines what kind of global presence is desirable, how many and what types of international or global jobs, projects, task forces, and other types of interactions exist (McCall and Hollenbeck, 2002). Competency development process should start from an analysis of the dynamics of the global business environment and the core competencies, continuing to identifying the profiles of necessary human resources and ending with identification of necessary competencies for specific jobs/functions. Once the specific leader competencies have been identified, the next step is to build bench strength effectively (Brake, 1997; Gregersen et al., 1998). The other assumption is that global leaders have just developed their (general) competencies into a higher (global) level. Bartlett and Ghoshal (1992), and Baruch (2002) argue that there is no such thing as a global manager, or any universal criteria for gl obal managers. Instead, Bartlett and Ghoshal see global management as being a task of a network of specialists including business managers, country managers and functional managers.Yet, they suggest that the top executives are the leaders who manage the complex interactions between the three types of managers, and they must understand the strategic importance of each specialist. The majority of the research on international assignments and positions has been research about expatriates. Some authors have stated explicitly their focus being on global managers/leaders and yet, discuss issues related to the target country such as cultural distance. However, a global leader (or manager) is not necessarily an expatriate, and vice versa. The value of an expatriate assignment as a major developmental experience for those pursuing global career is widely acknowledged. Therefore, and because of scarcity of pure global leadership literature, expatriate literature as well as general leadership literature is relevant also when studying global leaders. Overall, the previous research on global leadership competencies has been dispersed and more synergistic research is needed, together with a more comprehensive theoretical framework, to understand the processes and interactions underlying the development of a global leadership potential (Tiina, 2004). This paper attempts to take a step towards such framework, Secondary data was collected based on the finding of published papers, articles and books perior studeis , the world wide web , existing global leadership and other related literature, these data was reviewd and disscussed to combine findings and suggestions provided in previous literature in a more integrative framework of global leadership competencies and attitudes. The structure of the paper is as follows; The terminology used in the international/global leadership ,literature is reviewed and discussed first and the more integrated framework was described in the chapters that followed. The results identefied 12 competanceie as an assessment and intepret tools to provide an opportunity for experts to reflect on the structure of their company or organisation and to rate the CEO, corporate staff, subsidiary general manager and staff, as well as all employees in general. then indicated whether the competency is essential, use ful or not necessary for the CEO, corporate staff, subsidiary general manager and staff, and all employees, in order for the transformational goal to be realised and to make globalisation work. Litreture review The main outcomes of previous research Recent research supports the idea that there are a limited number of key competencies, over and above the contextual ones, that predict successful behavior in a global environment (Jordan and Cartwright, 1998; Gregersen et al., 1998). As was already mentioned earlier, most of the previous research regarding international competencies has been done on and among expatriates, but much of this research is also relevant when studying global leaders. Harris and Moran (1987, pp. 226-227) review of earlier literature produced nearly 70 dimensions of overseas success of which 21 are given priority as being more important for foreign employment. However, this listing focuses on filling specific expatriate positions, including many practical and contextual items such as adaptability of spouse, promotability, interest in host culture etc. Harris and Moran (1987) focus on cross-cultural interaction and suggest that the main outcomes of cross-cultural training can also be used as selecting criteri a for overseas service. These are empathy, openness, persistence, sensitivity to intercultural factors, respect for others, role flexibility, tolerance of ambiguity, and a two-way communication skill. Srinivas (1995) defines eight components of global mindset which form the base for competencies needed to meet the challenges organizations/individuals face especially when entering a global environment. The components are: curiosity and concern with context, acceptance of complexity and its contradictions, diversity consciousness and sensitivity, seeking opportunity in surprises and uncertainties, faith in organizational processes, focus on continual improvement, extended time perspective, and systems thinking. Rhinesmith (1996) has identified six characteristics of global mindset that lead to global competencies. These are: bigger, broader picture (leading to managing competitiveness), balancing contradictory demands and needs (managing complexity), trust in networked processes, rather than in hierarchical s tructures (managing adaptability), valuing multicultural teamwork and diversity (managing teams), flow with change/seeing change as opportunity (managing uncertainty), and expanding knowledge and skills, being open to surprises (managing learning). In the same line, Rosen (2000) maintains that globally literate leaders possess four global literacies. These include personal, social, business, and cultural literacy. Jordan and Cartwright (1998) maintain that the key to international success lies in a mixture of personality characteristics and managerial competencies. Managerial competencies include relational abilities, cultural sensitivity, linguistic ability, and ability to handle stress. Conner (2000) also identifies a number of skills and capabilities needed by leaders working in a global company, organizing them under six headings: business savvy, ability to use personal influence, global perspective, strong character, ability to motivate people, and entrepreneurial behavior. Mumford et al. (2000) have defined five categories of leadership skills for the changing world. In addition to social judgment skills, social skills, and creative problem solving skills leaders need four types of knowledge: knowledge related to task, business, organization and people. Resources and the process of identifying core competencies usually entails having employees core capabilities by scanning and assessing company resources, capabilities, and competencies ,three factors coming referred to as associated concepts .in the identification process these concepts o ften become conceptually and empirically merged, Something that occurs in strategic management research too. For example, capabilities and competencies are defined by Spanos and Prastcos (2004) and capabilities by Peteraf and Bergen (2003) and Ray et al. (2004), and skill, competence. Other scholars, however, have more usefully distinguished these associated concepts (Branzei and Thornhill, 2006; Savory, 2006; Ljungquist, 2008). Were are the first three items? The fifth item is willingness to exercise these skills. Caligiuri and Di Santo (2001) have approached the desired competencies from a company perspective and identified eight desired developmental dimensions for global leadership programs: ability to transact business in another country, ability to change leadership style based on the situation, knowledge of the companys worldwide business structure, knowledge of professional contacts worldwide, knowledge of international business issues, openness, flexibility, and ethnocentri sm (getting away from it). Spreitzer et al. (1997) focused on finding candidates for those leadership programs, individuals possessing global leadership potential. They have identified 14 dimensions or themes underlying success as an international executive, making a clear distinction between the end-state skills and the ability to learn from experience. Jehad (2009) identified that the core competencies had a significant impact on competitive advantage. Goh (2010) examines how to improve the quality of products and services in the age of globalization reviwing the traditional concepts and the six segma framework, ilustrates how paradigram shifts must affect to achieve real gains in quality. The competencies required for globalisation The above disscussions and further review of relavent litreture is indicated (12) organizational and individual competencies required to make globalisation work have been drawn up (Fig.1). These competencies will be described and developed in this and the following three chapters.these competencies are described into the below table as a finding of such review and also in the dissucssions follows. Attitudes Possesses a global mindset Works as an equal with persons of diverse backgrounds Has a long-term orientation Leadership Facilitates organisational -change Creates learning systems Motivates employees to excellence lnteraction Negotiates and approachesb coflicts in a collaborative mode Manages skillfully the foreign deployment cycle Leads and participates effectively in multicultural teams Culture Understands their own cultural values and assumptions Accurately profiles the organizational and national culture of others Avoids culture mistakes and behaves in an appropriate manner in other countries Fig. 1. Twelve organizational and individual competencies (source: developed by the authors) Studies conducted with companies and individuals have demonstrated that organisations and people can successfully change. Self-initiated change (I want to learn this skill) and professionally facilitated change have both been successful. How change occurs is not well understood, and this report is not intended to answer the question of how organisations and individuals change. Our purpose is to identify the competencies and to suggest strategies for acquiring them. Conceptual model of study: Figure 2 below summarises the 12 external environmental factors, leading to globalisation and the 12 organisational or individual competencies required to succeed in globalisation within the organization. External Forces Economies ofscale New and evolving markets Global sourcing Reduced tariffs/ customs barriers and tax advantages Homogeneous technical standards Loweredglobal transportation costs Increased telecommunication options at reduced costs Trend toward homogeneous demand for products Competition from International Competitors Custome stratey changes fromdomestic-only to global Exchange rate exposure Accelerating rate of technological change GLOBAL organizational competencies Vision Strategy Structure Competencies required to make organization work Attitudes à ¢-  Possesses a global mindset Has the ability to work as equals with persons of diverse background Has a long-term orientation Leadership Facilitates organizational change Creates learning systems Motivates employees to excellence Interaction Negotiates and approaches conflicts in a collaborative mode Manages skillfully the foreign deployment cycle Leads and participates effectively in multicultural teams Culture Understands their own culture values and assumptions Accurately profiles organizational culture and national culture of others Avoids cultural mistakes and behaves in a manner that demonstrates knowledge and respect for the way of conducting business in other countries Fig. 2. Globalisation forces and competencies (source: developed by the authors) Competency 1. Process a global mindset Attitudes are learned and therefore can be unlearned. A global mindset is an attitude: it is not knowledge or information. We learn to be ethnocentric, and we can learn to be global in our perspective. Mindsets Mindset is a word that rarely is used in daily conversation. Websters Encyclopedia Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, containing over 250 000 entries, does not list it. A smaller Websters dictionary defines mindset as a fixed mental attitude. (Fishers, 2000) excellent book Mindsets: The Role of Culture and Perception in International Relations demonstrates the importance of possessing a global mindset to succeed in the globalisation process. Individuals working in foreign countries share similar experiences in overseas assignments and must not only meet the requirements of their work assignments, but also be able to adjust to unfamiliar attitudes and psychological predispositions. They must function within the expectations of the host culture. In other words, they must work across contrasting mindsets [which] reflect differences in national experience and culture, according to (Fisher, 2000). To date, no comprehensive studies have been conducted on the ways in which contrasting mindsets affect international business relationships and transactions. The education of most managers has provided only hard business skills, such as engineering, finance and strategic planning. Fisher suggests the necessity of providing global managers with additional training in the social sciences, as it is not sufficient to provide a person only with facts and information about unfamiliar cultural practices. Global mindsets Rhinesmith (1996) correctly postulates that a global mindset is a requirement of a global manager who will guide institutions and organizations into the future. He defines a mindset as: a predisposition to see the world in a particular way that sets boundaries and provides explanations for why things are the way they are, while at the same time establishing guidance for ways in which we should behave. In other words, a mindset is a filter through which we look at the world. Rhinesmith states that people with global mindsets approach the world in a number of particular ways. Specifically they: Look for the big picture; that is, they look for multiple possibilities for any event or occurrence-they arent satisfied with the obvious. Understand that the rapidly changing, interdependent world in which we are living is indeed complex. Are process-oriented; in our experience this is the most important dimension, and the one that is most lacking in individuals who are not globally oriented. Consider diversity as a resource and know how to work effectively in multicultural teams. Are not uncomfortable with change or ambiguity. Are open to new experiences. Ethnocentricity vs geocentricity Contrasted to the individual with global mindset is the one who is ethnocentric. Ethnocentricity is defined by the Random House Dictionary as: Belief in the inherent superiority of ones own group and culture; it may be accompanied by feelings of contempt for those others who do not belong; it tends to look down upon those considered as foreign; it views and measures alien cultures and groups in terms of ones own culture. A framework developed to illustrating ethnocentrism (Fig. 3). Not only individuals, but also organisations can be ethnocentric (This source has not been included in the reference list Stephen Weiss and William G. Stripp; 1993). The ethnocentric organizations tend to use home-country personnel in key positions throughout the world, believing they are more intelligent and capable than foreign managers (Harris and Moran, 2003). Attitudes toward themselves and their groups Attitudes toward others See themselves as virtuous and See their standards of value as universal and intrinsically true See themselves as strong Believe outgroup is inferior superior Believe outgroup is weak Distrust outgroups Fig. 3. Framework of ethnocentrism (source: ) In this case, superiority is not equal to nationality, and all groups can contribute to the organisations effectiveness.The culture shock inventory, was designed to measure individual ethnocentrism, or the degree to which individuals perceived their value system to be appropriate for others. Attitude change With globalisation, contact between persons from different cultures increases. What happens when this occurs? Do individuals become more global or more ethnocentric? Following a review of the literature on intergroup contact, This source has not been included in the reference list Amir concluded that the direction of attitude change, following contact with people who are different, depends largely on the conditions under which the contact has taken place He indicates that there are favorable conditions, which reduce prejudice, and unfavorable ones, which may increase prejudice (Kenneth, 1974). The favorable condition of equal status as a factor in reducing prejudice was reported by This source has not been included in the reference list Allport. He pointed out that, for contact between groups to be an element in reducing prejudice, it must be based on equal status contact between majority and minority groups in the pursuit of common goals. Organisations that are globalising must have common goals Competency 2: Works as an equal with persons from diverse backgrounds This section focuses on working women, since the number of women in the workforce worldwide has dramatically increased since 1950. We are fully aware that diversity in the workforces of many countries is also reflected in a significant increase in the numbers of Third and Fourth World immigrants, the physically challenged, senior citizens and others. Generally, the following workforce trends have been identified (Moran and Harris, 2003): By the year 2000, women will comprise just under 50 per cent of the UK workforce. By the year 2000, non-whites will make up 20 per cent of the UK workforce. Greater numbers of immigrants are coming to the United Stares than at any time since World War 1. A greater portion of the US workforce is middle-aged, and the workforce is gradually getting older. The demographics of the workforce in most countries are changing. This is reflected in the development of seminars and workshops on cultural diversity in the United States and other countries. Five years ago these seminars were unheard of, or else, when conducted, they were under the rubric of affirmative action.* What does the note mean? Competency 3. Has a long-term orientation There are many reasons why companies have not been successful in competing in the global marketplace. One of these reasons is shorttermism. Dick Ferry, the president and co-founder of Korn/Ferry, addresses this issue: Corporate America may talk, on an intellectual level, about what itll take to succeed in the twenty-first century, but when it gets right down to decision making, all that matters is the next quarterly earnings report. Thats whats driving much of the system. With that mind-set, everything else becomes secondary to the ability to deliver the next quarterly earnings push-up. Were on a treadmill. Competency 4. Facilitates organisational change This section will cover two main points: what some academics and business people say about organisational change, and (2) how they recommend managing these changes. We present several perspectives, as it is our belief that no one individual has all the answers, strategies or methods to facilitate change. Competency 5. Creates learning systems This source has not been included in the reference list Peter Senge said it best in his book, The Fifth Discipline: The organizations that will truly excel in the future will be the organisations that discover how to tap peoples commitment and capacity to learn at all levels in an organisation. Competency 6. Motivates employees to excellence The pronoun test: An operative word in UK organisations for the past several years is ,empowerment. Our employees are empowered, says an executive from a different Fortune 500 company, this one thriving in turbulent times. Perhaps an important difference between the two organisations may be determined: For six months now Ive been visiting the workplaces of America, administering a simple test. 1 call it the pronoun test. 1 ask front-line workers a few general questions about the company. If the answers 1 get back describe the company in terms like they, or them, 1 know its one kind of company. If the answers are put in terms like we, or us 1 know its a different kind of company. It doesnt much matter whats said about the company. Even a statement like, they aim for high quality here suggests a workplace that hasnt yet made the leap into true high performance. It isnt yet achieving ever higher levels of quality, productivity and service. Only we companies can do this (Rhinesmith, 1993). Competency 7. Negotiates and approaches conflicts in a collaborative mode The material describing this competency is drawn from many excellent sources but primarily from the managing cultural difference: How to negotiate with japans? Managing cultural synergy and developing the global organization (Black et al., 1999) To make globalisation work, we need to negotiate and approach conflicts collaboratively. Skillful international business negotiators know more than, and behave (act) differently from non-skillful negotiators. Competency 8. Manages skillfully the foreign deployment cycle It has been estimated that American corporations and government spend about $50 billion each year in education and training. The goal is to improve the performance of the individual, thus enhancing the operating performance of a company or the government. jay Duffy, manager, employee development, for a division of a large global company, believes training may be a solution if one of the following four situations exists (Hershock, 1993): 1. A gap exists between the skill level and the current position requirement. 2. The tasks of a present position need to be performed differently. 3. The job has changed or will change. 4. Future positions may require different or additional skills. The gap between job requirements and the skill of the employee was demonstrated in research conducted and reported by Kathleen Miller (Conference Board, 1992) among others. Competency 9. Leads and participates effectively in multicultural teams High performance teams, team work, worldwide global product teams and other words expressing similar ideas are commonplace in the management literature today. Stories of teams producing remarkable accomplishments are well known. Well functioning teams can increase productivity and creativity. However, functioning skillfully on a team is a learned skill. The Conference Board addresses the problem: The CEO must be fully committed to globalisation and must actively and persistently drive the globalisation process. Chief executive commitment is more important than international experience and background. It is essential that the CEO understands the issues (e.g. culture, human resources, empowerment) and translates commitment into actions. Words alone will not drive the process. Second, a core team of managers with an international background must be available in the organization before anything can happen. These managers must bring international culture and international experience to energise the globalisation process (Suutari, 2002). The process of building an international team large enough to permeate the entire organisation is long and arduous. It requires years of training, attention to recruiting, career development, and job rotations through foreign assignments. The role of multicultural teams in the globalisation process is well recognised. Competency 10. Understands their own culture, values and assumptions Know thyself Socrates. Global managers from one country have to work and negotiate with their global counterparts regularly. A common requirement is that they must each be able to communicate effectively and work with individuals who have been socialised in a different cultural environment, and whose customs, values, lifestyles, beliefs, management practices and other important aspects of their personal and professional lives are different. A European executive during a personal conversation said, I cant think of any situation in my 25 years of international experience when international business was made easier because people from more than one country were participating. (Fisher, 2000). A global manager must be aware of the many beliefs and values that underlie his or her own countrys business practices, management techniques and strategies. Competency 11. Accurately profiles the organisational culture and national culture of others Corporate culture is the way of life of an organisation the recent studies of many large organizations, they concluded Corporate culture can have a significant impact on a firms long-term economic performance. Corporate culture will probably be an even more important factor in determining the success or failure of firms in the next decade. Corporate cultures that inhibit strong long-term financial performance are not rare; they develop easily, even in firms that are full of reasonable and intelligent people. Although tough to change, corporate cultures can be made more performance-enhancing (Adler, 1992) Competency 12. Avoids cultural mistakes and behaves in a manner that demonstrates knowledge of and respect for other countries Skillful international managers have learned to see the world differently and to understand the way others manage and do business. This implies that there is no single way of doing anything and that no one culture is perfect or complete in all aspects. Successful communication with other cultures means not judging customs, rituals or ways of doing business as ridiculous, or inferior to ones own. A Swedish executive of a large multinational corporation expressed it this way: We Swedes are so content with the quality of our products and the Swedish way, that we forget that 99 per cent of the rest of the world isnt Swedish. (Pritchett, Pound,1992). Implications The major aim of this paper was to review global leadership competency frameworks suggested in previous literature and to build a more integrative competency framework to be used in future research. Some general issues related to global leadership research were discussed first, and the more integrated framework was described in the chapters that followed. Despite the large number of studies carried out on critical success factors for international (in most cases expatriate) assignments there are only very few based on empirical research, attempting to test the validity of different items and the reliability of different measures. Results from previous studies accumulate into a long list of competencies characterized by only minor semantic differences of a much smaller number of key competencies (see also Jordan and Cartwright, 1998). Practically no longitudinal research has been reported that would validate the relevancy of different competencies defined. As a result, there is little agreement among researchers on the definition of global competence, its antecedents or outcomes. From human resource development perspective, this framework may provide the base for planning international training activities where the fundamental questions to be answered is: in what type of competencies development is needed for, knowledge, skills and abilities, or other characteristics? Competencies have been defined with terms describing certain personal traits, behaviors, skills, values, and knowledge, and many existing frameworks are combinations of these. In existing research, different types of dimensions have often been mixed and treated as equals. A certain trait in one framework is replaced with corresponding behavior in another. Generally, selection of relevant competencies has generated much argument since the relevance of competencies is commonly seen to vary with the task and organization involved McBeath (1990), Baruch (2002), Evans et al. (1989). In this paper global leadership competencies are seen as those universal qualities that enable indi